Shell Expansions

Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into tokens. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:

• brace expansion
• tilde expansion
• parameter and variable expansion
• command substitution
• arithmetic expansion
• word splitting
• filename expansion

Brace Expansion	Expansion of expressions within braces.
Tilde Expansion	Expansion of the ~ character.
Shell Parameter Expansion	How Bash expands variables to their values.
Command Substitution	Using the output of a command as an argument.
Arithmetic Expansion	How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
Process Substitution	A way to write and read to and from a command.
Word Splitting	How the results of expansion are split into separate arguments.
Filename Expansion	A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
Quote Removal	How and when quote characters are removed from words.

The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and filename expansion.

On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion available: process substitution. This is performed at the same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution.

After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (quote removal).

Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of "$@" (see Special Parameters) and "${name[@]}" (see Arrays).

After all expansions, quote removal (see Quote Removal) is performed.