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std::random_shuffle, std::shuffle

Defined in header `<algorithm>`
template< class RandomIt > void random_shuffle( RandomIt first, RandomIt last );	(1)	(deprecated in C++14) (removed in C++17)
	(2)
template< class RandomIt, class RandomFunc > void random_shuffle( RandomIt first, RandomIt last, RandomFunc& r );		(until C++11)
template< class RandomIt, class RandomFunc > void random_shuffle( RandomIt first, RandomIt last, RandomFunc&& r );		(since C++11) (deprecated in C++14) (removed in C++17)
template< class RandomIt, class URBG > void shuffle( RandomIt first, RandomIt last, URBG&& g );	(3)	(since C++11)

Reorders the elements in the given range [first, last) such that each possible permutation of those elements has equal probability of appearance.

1) The random number generator is implementation-defined, but the function std::rand is often used.

2) The random number generator is the function object r.

3) The random number generator is the function object g.

Parameters

first, last	-	the range of elements to shuffle randomly
r	-	function object returning a randomly chosen value of type convertible to `std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::difference_type` in the interval [0,n) if invoked as `r(n)`
g	-	a UniformRandomBitGenerator whose result type is convertible to `std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::difference_type`
Type requirements
-`RandomIt` must meet the requirements of ValueSwappable and RandomAccessIterator.
-`std::remove_reference_t<URBG>` must meet the requirements of UniformRandomBitGenerator.

Return value

(none).

Complexity

Linear in the distance between first and last.

Notes

Note that the implementation is not dictated by the standard, so even if you use exactly the same RandomFunc or URBG you may get different results with different standard library implementations.

Possible implementation

First version
template< class RandomIt > void random_shuffle( RandomIt first, RandomIt last ) { typename std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::difference_type i, n; n = last - first; for (i = n-1; i > 0; --i) { using std::swap; swap(first[i], first[std::rand() % (i+1)]); // rand() % (i+1) isn't actually correct, because the generated number // is not uniformly distributed for most values of i. A correct implementation // will need to essentially reimplement C++11 std::uniform_int_distribution, // which is beyond the scope of this example. } }
Second version
template<class RandomIt, class RandomFunc> void random_shuffle(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, RandomFunc&& r) { typename std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::difference_type i, n; n = last - first; for (i = n-1; i > 0; --i) { using std::swap; swap(first[i], first[r(i+1)]); } }
Third version
template<class RandomIt, class URBG> void shuffle(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, URBG&& g) { typedef typename std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::difference_type diff_t; typedef std::uniform_int_distribution<diff_t> distr_t; typedef typename distr_t::param_type param_t; distr_t D; diff_t n = last - first; for (diff_t i = n-1; i > 0; --i) { using std::swap; swap(first[i], first[D(g, param_t(0, i))]); } }

Example

The following code randomly shuffles the integers 1..10:

#include <random>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
 
    std::random_device rd;
    std::mt19937 g(rd());
 
    std::shuffle(v.begin(), v.end(), g);
 
    std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
    std::cout << "\n";
}

Possible output:

8 6 10 4 2 3 7 1 9 5

next_permutation	generates the next greater lexicographic permutation of a range of elements (function template)
prev_permutation	generates the next smaller lexicographic permutation of a range of elements (function template)